Steven Raphael

Contact Information

School Address:

Academic Appointments

• Assistant Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego, 1996-1999
• Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 1999 to 2002
• Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley. 2002 to 2006
• Associate Dean, Goldman Schoool of PUblic Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 2003 to 2006
• Chancellors Professor, University of California, Berkeley, 2002 to 2007
• Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 2006 to present

Other Appointments

• Research Affiliate, National Poverty Center, University of Michigan, 2004 to present
• Co-director and Co-principal investigator of the Berkeley Integrated Graduate Education, Research, and Training (IGERT) Program in Politics, Economics, Psychology, and Public Policy, 2005 to present.

Education

• Ph.D., Economics, University of California, Berkeley 1996
• B.A., Economics, San Diego State University 1990

Publications

"The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis of Black Youth Joblessness: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area," Journal of Urban Economics, 43(1): 79-111, (1998).
"Intervening Opportunities, Competing Searchers, and the Intra-Metropolitan Flow of Male Youth Labor," Journal of Regional Science, 38(1): 43-59, (1998).
"Inter and Intra-Ethnic Comparisons of the Central City-Suburban Youth Employment Differential: Evidence from the Oakland Metropolitan Area," Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 51(3): 505-524, (1998).
"Geographic Mobility, Race, and Wage Differentials" with David Riker, Journal of Urban Economics, 45(1): 17-46, (1999).
"Estimating the Union Earnings Effect Using a Sample of Displaced Workers," Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 53(3): 503-521, (2000).
"Racial Differences in Spatial Job Search Patterns: Exploring the Causes and Consequences," with Michael Stoll, Economic Geography, 76(3): 201-223, (2000).
"Are Suburban Firms More Likely to Discriminate Against African-Americans?," with Michael Stoll and Harry Holzer, Journal of Urban Economics, 48(3): 485-508, (2000).
"High-Tech Industries in California: Panacea or Problem," with Clair Brown and Ben Campbell, in Ong, Paul and James Lincoln (eds.), The State of California Labor, Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley: CA pp. 149-160 (2001).
"Immigration Reform and the Earnings of Latino Workers: Do Employer Sanctions Cause Discrimination," with Cynthia Bansak, Industrial & Labor Relations Review. 54(2): 275-295, (2001).
"Homeless in America: Homeless in California," with John Quigley and Eugene Smolensky, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(1): 37-51, (2001).
"Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime," with Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, Journal of Law & Economics, 44(1): 259-284 (2001).
"School-Based Peer Effects and Juvenlie Behavior," with Alejandro Gaviria, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(2): 257-268 (2001).
"Can Boosting Minority Car-Ownership Rates Narrow Inter-Racial Employment Gaps?," with Michael Stoll, in William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack (eds), The Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Economic Affairs, volume 2, The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC: pp 99-145 (2001).
"Homelessness in California," with John Quigley and Eugene Smolensky, Public Policy Institute of California Monograph Series, San Francisco: CA (2001).
"The Economic of Homelessness: A View from North America," with John Quigley, European Journal of Housing Policy, 1(3): 323-336 (2001).
"Immigration Reform and the Earnings of Latino Workers: Do Employer Sanctions Cause Discrimination?" with Cynthia Bansak, (reprinted from Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 54(2): 275-295, (2001)) Immigration and National Law Review, 22 (2002).
"Examining Policies to Reduce Homelessness Using a General Equilibrium Model of the Housing Market," with Erin Mansur, John Quigley, and Eugene Smolensky, Journal of Urban Economics. 52: 316-340 (2002).
"Car Ownership, Employment, and Earnings," with Lorien Rice, Journal of Urban Economics, 52: 109-130 (2002).
"The Anatomy of 'The Anatomy of Racial Inequality" Journal of Economic Literature, 40(4): 1202-1214, (2002).
"Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s," with Michael A. Stoll, The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC , (2002).
"Prison Sentence Enhancements: The Case of Project Exile," with Jens Lud wig, forthcoming, Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence, edited by Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook, Brookings Institution Press, (2003).
"Life Terms or Death Sentences: The Uneasy Relationship Between Judicial Elections and Capital Punishment," with Richard Brooks, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 92(3): 609-640, (2003).
"Public Transit and the Spatial Distribution of Minority Employment: Evi dence from a Natural Experiment," with Harry J. Holzer and John M. Quigley, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 22(3): 415-442 (2003).
"Black Job Applicants and the Hiring Officer's Race," with Harry Holzer and Michael Stoll, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(2): 267-287 (2004).
"Local Land Use Controls and Demographic Outcomes in a Booming Economy," with Joh n Quigley and Larry Rosenthal, Urban Studies, 41(2): 389-421 (2004).
"The Effect of an Increase in Workers' Compensation BEnefits on the Duration and Frequency of Benefit Receipt," with Frank Neuhauser, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1): 288-302 (2004).
"Is Housing Unaffordable? Why Isn't it More Affordable?" with John Quigley, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1): 191-214.
"Will Employers Hire Ex-Offenders? Employer Preferences, Background Chec ks, and Their Determinants," with Harry J. Holzer and Michael A. Stoll, in Mary Patillo-McCoy, David Weiman and Bruce Western (eds.), The Imp act of Incarceration on Families and Communities, New York: NY, Russell Sage Foundation (2004).
"The Effect of Prison Releases on Regional Crime Rates," with Michael Stoll, in William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack (eds.), The Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Economics Affairs, Volume 5, The Brookings Institution: Washington, D.C. (2005).
"The Anatomy of Rent Burdens: Immigration, Growth, and Rental Housing," with Erica Greulick and John Quigley, in William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack (eds.), The Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Economics Affairs, Volume 5, The Brookings Institution: Washington , D.C. (2005).
"Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime," with Rudlof Winter-Ebmer (reprinted from Journal of Law & Economics, 44(1): 259-284(2001)) Ehrlich, Isaac and Shiqiang Liu (eds.), The Economics of Crime, Edward Elgar Publixhing, UK (2005).
"Urban Crime, Race, and the Criminal Justice System in the United States," with Melissa Sills, forthcoming in Companion to the Handbook of Urban Economics, Richard Arnott and Dan McMillen (eds.) PDF Version.
"Employers in the Boom: How Did the Hiring of Less-Skilled Workers Change During the 1990s?" with Harry Holzer and Michael Stoll, forthcoming Review of Economics and Statistics.
"Regulation and the High Cost of Housing in California," with John Quigley, forthcoming American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings PDF Version
"Perceived Criminality, Criminal Background Checks, and the Racial Hiring Practices of Employers," with Harry Holzer and Michael Stoll, forthcoming Journal of Law & Economics PDF Version.
"The Socioeconomic Status of Black Males: The Increasing Importance of Incarceration," forthcoming in Auerbach, Alan; Card, David, and John Quigley (eds.), Poverty, the Distribution of Income, and Public Policy, Russell Sage Foundation: New York. PDF Version
"Evaluating the Effetiveness of the Massachusetts Workforce Development System Using No-Shows as a Non-Experimental Comparison Group," with Michael Stol l, forthcoming, Evaluation Review. PDF Version
"How Do Crime and Incarceration Affect the Employment Prospects of Less Educated Black Men?" with Harry Holzer and Michael Stoll in Ronald Mincy (ed.) Black Males Left Behind, The Urban Institute: Washington, D.C. (2006)
"The Impact of Local Labor Market Conditions on the Likelihood that Parolees Return to Custody," with David Weimn in Bushway, Shwan; Stoll, Michael A., and David F. Weiman Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post Industrial America, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, (2007).
"The Effect of an Applicant's Criminal History on Employer Hiring Decisions and Screening Practices: Evidence from Los Angeles," with Harry J. Holzer and Michael A. Stoll in Bushway, Shwan; Stoll, Michael and David Weiman (eds.) Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Indsutrial America, Russell Sage Foundation, New York (2007)
"Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood," in Danziger, Sheldon and Cecilia Rouse (eds.) The Price of Independence, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp 278-306 (2007)
"The Effects of State Policy Design Features on Take Up and Crowd Out Rates for the State Children's Health Insurance Program," with Cynthia Bansak, forthcoming Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. PDF Version
"Gender Differences in the Labor Market Impact of IRCA," with Amuedo-Dorante, Catalina and Cynthia Bansak American Economic Review, May: 412-416 (2007)
"The State Children's Health Insurance Program and Job Mobility: Identifying Job-Lock Among Working Parents in Near-Poor Households," with Cynthia Bansak, forthcoming Industrial and Labor Relations Review PDF Version
"The Effect of Male Incarceration Dynamics on AIDS Infection Rates Among African-American Women and Men," with Rucker Johnson, forthcoming Journal of Law and Economics, PDF Version
"Boosting the Earnings and Employment of Low-Skilled Workers in the United States: Making Work Pay and Removing Barriers to Employment and Social Mobility," in Bartik, timothy and Susan N. Houseman (eds) A Future of Good Jobs? America's Challenge in the Global Economy pp. 245-304 (2008). PDF Version

Working Papers

• "The Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill and Growth in the U.S. Prison Population: 1971 to 1996," manuscript. PDF Version
• "Reconciling National and Regional Estimates of the Effects of Immigration on U.S. Labor Markets: The Confounding Effects of Native Male Incarceration Trends," with Lucas Ronconi.
• "Socioeconomic Differences in Household Automobile Ownership Rates: Implications for Evacuation Policy," with Alan Berube and Elizabeth Deakin. PDF Version
• "How Much Crime Reduction Does the Marginal Prisoner Buy?" with Rucker Johnson. PDF Version
• "The Effect of Labor Market Competition with Immigrants on the Wages andEmployment of Natives: What Does Existing Research Tell Us?" with Lucas Ronconi. PDF Version
• "Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?" with Michael Stoll. PDF Version
• "The Impact of Incarceration on the Employment Outcomes of Former Inmates: Policy Options for Fostering Self-Sufficiency and an Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of Current Corrections Policy," PDF Version
• "Understanding the Causes and Labor Market Consequences of the Steep Increase in U.S. Incarceration Rates," PDF Version
• "Neighborhoods, Economic Self Sufficiency, and the MTO," PDF Version

Work in Progress

• "Assessing the Effects of State Prison Sentences of Post-Release Earnings and Employment."

Grants

Russell Sage Foundation Presidential Grant, "The Labor Market Consequences of an Extension of the San Francisco Bay Area's Commuter Rail System," 1997.
National Science Foundation grant SBR-9709197, "A Proposal to Evaluate the Labor Market Consequences of an Extension of the San Francisco Bay Area's Commuter Rail System," 1997-1999.
American Compensation Association Emerging Scholars Research Grant, "Changes in Employment Stability: 1986-1993," 1998.
Joint Center for Poverty Research Small Grant Program, "The Effects of Automobile Access on Labor Market Outcomes," 1999-2000.
Russell Sage Foundation Research Grant, "Assessing the Effects of State Prison Sentences on Post-Release Employment and Earnings," 2000-2001.
Grant from the California Commision on Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation to analyze the utilization effects of workers' compensation benefits increases, 2000-2001.
Russell Sage Foundation Research Grant (co-principal investigator with Michael Stoll), "The Determinants and Consequences of Employer-Initiated Criminal Background Checks," 2001-2002.
Robert Woods Johnson Foundation, "A Proposal to Evaluate the Impact of the State Children's Health Insurance Programs on Coverage Rates, Private Sector Crowd-Out, and the Employment Outcomes of Parents in Near-Poor Families," 2003-2004.
National Science Foundation Integrated Graduated Education Research and Training Program in Politics, Economics, Psychology and Public Policy, co-principal investigator, 2005-2010.